Expansionary Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand

To understand the impact of expansionary monetary policy on aggregate demand, lets take a look at a simple example. Aggregate Demand and Two Different Countries The example starts as follows: In Country A, all wage contracts are indexed to inflation. That is, each month wages are adjusted to reflect increases in the cost of living as reflected in changes in the price level. In Country B, there are no cost-of-living adjustments to wages, but the workforce is completely unionized (unions negotiate 3-year contracts). Adding Monetary Policy to our Aggregate Demand Problem In which country is an expansionary monetary policy likely to have a larger effect on aggregate output? Explain your answer using aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves. The Effect of the Expansionary Monetary Policy on Aggregate Demand When interest rates are cut (which is our expansionary monetary policy), aggregate demand (AD) shifts up due to the rise in investment and consumption. The shift up of AD causes us to move along the aggregate supply (AS) curve, causing a rise in both real GDP and the price level. We need to determine the effects of this rise in AD, the price level, and real GDP (output) in each of our two countries. What Happens to Aggregate Supply in Country A? Recall that in Country A all wage contracts are indexed to inflation. That is, each month wages are adjusted to reflect increases in the cost of living as reflected in changes in the price level. We know that the rise in Aggregate Demand rose the price level. Thus due to the wage indexing, wages must rise as well. A rise in wages will shift the aggregate supply curve upwards, moving along the aggregate demand curve. This will cause prices to increase further, but real GDP (output) to fall. What Happens to Aggregate Supply in Country B? Recall that in Country B there are no cost-of-living adjustments to wages, but the workforce is completely unionized.Unions negotiate 3-year contracts. Assuming the contract is not up soon, then wages will not adjust when the price level rises from the rise in aggregate demand. Thus we will not have a shift in the aggregate supply curve and prices and real GDP (output) will not be affected. The Conclusion In Country B we will see a larger rise in real output, because the rise in wages in country A will cause an upward shift in aggregate supply, causing the country to lose some of the gains it made from the expansionary monetary policy. There is no such loss in Country B.

The Failures of Violence Essay - 1603 Words

Violence is inherently flawed. In the immortal words of Gandhi, Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary. Therefore the most successful strategy for long-lasting peace and independence is nonviolence. This concept is crucial to understand the history of this time period. Violence and the lack of it, nonviolence plays a major role in the play of this chapter. Many question the practicality of nonviolence: â€Å"How can it work?† â€Å"Why cant armed and powerful opponents simply kill everyone that doesnt agree with them?† The answer couldnt be simpler: because the people will revolt. A few thousand oppressors wielding violence simply cannot control several million determined people. This lack of control is†¦show more content†¦Left as is, this event is already extremely momentous. However, once we realize that Stalin and his totalitarian state arouse from the ashes of Lenin, this event becomes staggeringly critical. The March R evolution drastically changed the entire history of Russia, and possibly the entire world. Well, now that weve seen some of the power of nonviolence, heres an example at the shortcomings of violence: In the early 1900s, China, after facing years of humiliation from foreigners, was ready for change. Many Chinese believed that modernization and nationalism was the countrys keys for survival. These reformers wanted to construct modern factories, reform education and to bolster the army and navy. However, many others feared change. These people believe that Chinas greatest strength was in the traditional, the old ways. The reformers were known as Nationalists. The leader, Sun Yixian became the leader of the Republic of China. One of those groups that opposed the Nationalistic movement, was the Communist Party (the traditionalists). Led by Mao Zedong, who believed that â€Å"Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun,† the Communist Party began a civil war with the Nationalists. This is the main event that we will be examining. Now, Gandhi said that using violence to win will â€Å"be momentary.† So we would expect that Mao Zedongs possible victory would not last. And wed be right; MaoShow MoreRelatedFailure in the Indian Judiciary System for Violence Against Women591 Words   |  3 Pageshas increased in India because of the failure of the Indian judiciary system to get justice for the victims. Why is violence against women so prolific in India? Although the womens organizations in India have opposed individual acts of violence against women ranging from female infanticide, ra pe, dowry deaths, honor killings, acid attacks to female infanticides, there has been little attention given to the theoretical understanding of the causes of this violence. Between 2001 and 2011 the number ofRead MoreThe Child Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act992 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally, the laws are defined as a parent or guardian’s inability to protect his/her children from witnessing domestic violence or being abused by another person (Goodmark, 2004). When a child is exposed to domestic violence that can be considered a form of child neglect, even if the child is not harmed. This includes seeing, hearing, or simply witnessing the aftereffects of violence, such as an injured victim (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2012). While this is a large part of the laws, they areRead MoreAnalysis Of Rosalind Morriss An Acknowledged Failure1138 Words   |  5 Pagesof sexual violence in the wake of the Apartheid provided by Rosalind Morris an excellent opportunity to examine the communicative power of sexual violence. 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The first category, the failure to achieve positively valuedRead MoreRichman644 Words   |  3 Pageseffect, it is usually due to one of two types of failure: theory failure, or program failure. A theory failure occurs when the policy was implemented as intended, but failed to have the desired effect. This may occur when, for example, a school adopts school uniforms to curb violence in the school, but the violence remains at the same level. The policy was implemented (uniforms were adopted) but the expected change did not occur. The theory that violence occurs due to style of dress is wrong. ThereRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Indigenous Women947 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Domestic violence against indigenous women is everybody’s problem† domestic violence is depicted as a serious social problem that involves â€Å"unspeakable acts of violence† that leaves victims experiencing fear and despair (Taylor 2014). 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When discussing domestic violence, it is not strictly pertaining to physical violence, it can also be emotional abuse, psychological abuse, etc. It is not ideal for a child to be living in a house where there is violence because not o nly is there a chance of the child being physically harmed, there is also a chance of the child being harmed psychologically. Due to this, domestic violence can be a form of child endangermentRead MorePbs : Breaking The Silence Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagesresearchers from the gender neutral/family violence perspective argue that men and women are violent at near equal rates. Whereas the original â€Å"woman battering† perspective consists of a multi-dimensional and all-encompassing pattern of coercive control and is a form of subjugation that men use on women to dominate, oppress and deprive a woman’s basic rights. With the â€Å"gender† now removed, the reframing of the issue from â€Å"woman battering† to one of â€Å"family violence† emerged the current our systems institutionsRead MoreChild Abuse and Neglect1678 Words   |  7 Pagesregards of the terms of abuse and neglect. According to the â€Å"Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention, Assessment and Intervention chapter 2† neglect is the most common type of child maltreatment in the United States. Neglect could be defined to the failure of providing for the basic needs or care of a person. Unfortunately society has minimized the effects neglect and many adults give less important of attention to this type of abuse in children. The effects of neglect can be just as damaging as the

Bread Mold Experiment free essay sample

Bread Mold Experiment By: Stephanie Westover PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment will be to determine how temperature affects the growth of mold on wheat bread. The researchers choose this topic because she thinks it will be beneficial to find a way to keep food from molding. Determining how long bread can be stored before molding can help save money, prevent illness and preserve freshness. The question the researcher will attempt to answer is how freezing affects the rate of mold growth in wheat bread.The information gathered in this experiment may be relevant to those individuals who contend with food borne molds at home, or professionally. Because the rate of mold growth can vary depending on the type of bread tested, the researcher will limit this study to a commonly available variety of wheat bread that can found in most stores. This will make the results of this experiment more relevant to average consumers and it will enable the results to be generalized across a larger selection of commercially produced wheat breads. We will write a custom essay sample on Bread Mold Experiment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Having some understanding of common practices regarding food storage and mold growth, the researcher sought out formal studies of food borne mold growth to help develop my hypothesis. What the researcher discovered was that food storage at low temperature slows many of the enzymatic reactions involved in spoilage and reduces the growth rate of microorganisms. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007) This literature review shows that refrigeration slows the growth rate of mold. Further, the article demonstrated that refrigerators should be kept at temperatures 32 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit to minimize bacterial growth.In this procedure the researcher discovered that refrigeration does indeed slow the growth rate of mold. Many organisms will not grow at all or will grow at a slower rate if stored in low temperatures. While low temperatures are not bactericidal, the low temperatures do slow the growth rate of bacteria. Although a few microbes will grow in super cooled solutions as low as minus 20o c, most foods are well-preserved against microbial growth in the household freezer. (Todar, Kenneth, 2011) In this article it states that even a household freezer can preserve foods against growth of mold if set at the right temperature.The researcher discovered that the zip lock baggie that the freezer in this experiment did in fact preserve the bread against the growth of mold. DESIGN The experiment design will be as follows: The researcher will purchase a loaf of commercially produced wheat bread and record the rate of mold growth on that bread over a period of 10 days at three different temperatures. The researcher will use commercial grade thermometers placed in a standard refrigerator, freezer and kitchen countertop to measure temperature. A commercial grade thermometer was used as it is close to the same type used in a typical restaurant.The researcher will place one piece of bread in a clear, sealed zip lock bag and put one of those bags in each of the three temperatures zones. Zip lock baggies were chosen over any other standard container because it was t he best choice to keep out any bacteria that might give false results. She will remove each test bag from its controlled temperature zone and measure the mold growth on each piece of bread through the clear zip lock bag using a fractional ruler. The researcher will record those measurements in a log book noting the time, temperature variation if any, and size of mold growth in inches.She will then immediately replace the bag back into its respective temperature zone. The researcher will repeat those measurements for 10 days and summarize my findings at that time. The researcher will be using commercially available wheat bread so that the results of this experiment can be at least partially generalized to all commercial bread products. She will be using common temperature settings throughout the experiment to mimic what is found not only in most households, but also in many commercial food establishments.

Marketing Planning Orientation and Performance MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Planning Orientation and Performance. Answer: Introduction Market orientation is defined as the philosophy that any Management business organization follows, analysing the market trends and designing the products according to the contemporary trends. Market orientation is also referred to as the business model that is focused on delivering the right product, to the right market, with the right price. This concept is an essential and inevitable concept in marketing; hence this topic has been chosen to be reviewed. It is essential that a business organization analysis the market, before venturing into the market. Thus, the importance of this concept makes it being reviewed. The scope of the review is very wide. However, the two main concepts of market orientation includes the market orientation as the process of implementation of the marketing concept and the organizational culture, has been discussed in details along with the intricate details of marketing mix (Acquaah et al. 2016). The peer-reviewed journals have been chosen for review that has wide details of the marketing orientation concept. Only recent journals have been selected for review such that the present scenario of the market could be captured. The concept of marketing orientation is a recent one, developed mainly by two people, Kohli and Narver (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). The main concepts of marketing orientation revolve around the implementation of the marketing concept as well as the culture of the organization. The era of market orientation evolved in order to cope up with the demands of the customers as well as the rapid growth in competition (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). The beginning of 1970s first witnessed the concept of market orientation with the Harvard professor Thoedore Levitt. The sales orientation model previously used was ill-equipped and does not encompass the product based and marketing based concepts. Hence, the requirement of a model that would encompass the complete production and delivery process gave rise to the market orientation process (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Once the significance of the concept was identified, it started being used widely by various business organizations. The utility of this con cept made it popular and is widely used in the real world business. The market oriented companies revolve around the concepts of the process and requirements gathering, production, marketing and delivery (Boso et al. 2013). Competitor analysis and marketing mix are important concepts that play a vital role in the marketing concept. The marketing orientation components are the customer orientation, competition orientation and the inter-functional coordination (Urde et al. 2013). In core concept of market orientation revolves around the customers and their demands. Hence using the methodologies of market orientation, the companies try to work efficiently to fulfil the customer requirements (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Previous studies on the market analysis highlights the concept that the Management market has a key role to play in the concept of market orientation. The analysis of the market is essential in order to develop a deep understanding of the modern market trends (Becker and Brettel 2017). The products that are being popularized are identified. The products rising in demand are highlighted by market analysis. The demands of the customers are also identified. Hence market analysis is a popular concept in market orientation. The business organizations need to incorporate the principles of market analysis and enhance the productivity of the business organizations. The customer orientation highlights the concept of approaches to sales that any business organization has to adopt, in order to fulfil the customer demands (Huang and Sarigll 2014). The employees need to focus on the customer relationships and ensure a long term relation with them. This is essential in achieving customer loyalty and ensures customer retention (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). This focuses on the analysis of the market of the other contemporary companies and the ways they are performing. The competition analysis and orientation is essential, in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a business, in comparison to its competitors (Baker and Sinkula 2015). This analysis needs to be done diligently, such that the weaknesses of the competitors could be exploited and developed as strength. This is an essential marketing orientation concept, and needs to be given much importance (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Inter-functional coordination This refers to the coordination among the various units of the organization that works in a collaborative manner such that the goals of the organizations are fulfilled. This is an essential concept in the market orientation since without inter-functional coordination; the organizational goals cannot be achieved. Marketing mix is a strategy to target suitable product in right place at appropriate time. The marketing mix is associated with 4Ps of product along with 7Ps of service marketing. Marketing expert E.Jerome McCarthy developed 4P classification which is the foundation of marketing mix idea. This was later modified to 7P model considering additional dimensions attributed to service industry. Product may be in form of services or goods. Marketers must do an extensive analysis on life cycle of proposed product to make sure it serves the need of target community. To develop correct product market must account several factors such as point of purchase, point of sales, usability, branding (Pulendran et al. 2015). Price is an important factor of marketing plan. Adjusting price has bigger impact on entire strategy and profitability and survival of organization. Marketer must conduct a thorough analysis on its competitor before coming up with pricing strategy (Paladino et al. 2015). At times low priced items are considered as inferior goods quality when consumer compares product with competitor. Also, Management customer tends to value their money when evaluating an overpriced item (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Its important for a marketer to have deep understanding of target market. Placement of product is a key area of product mix. Distribution point of product should be accessible by potential buyer community (Bao et al. 2015). While developing distribution strategy product owner should account few aspects like sales force capability, distribution channel, online footprint. Promotion is one important aspect of marketing for enhancing brand recognition and sales. This comprises of multiple attributes such as public relations, advertising, sales promotion. Advertising covers communication methodology like print media, television, and online promotion (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Public relations are communications that are not paid. Seminars, conferences are typical examples. To create effective promotion strategy marketer should assess how optimally social media can be leveraged. Employees are key asset of marketing organization as they are the one who delivers the service. Its important for organization to hire skilled people and having a skill development framework in place to train employees. Motivated employee can rightly assess the business model and helps in scaling up business of organization (Mintz and Currim 2013). Its a pre requisite of successful execution of a marketing strategy is having a well defined process in place. This helps in minimizing cost and maximizes profit (Caruana et al. 2015). In service industry its important to have physical evidence to support delivery of service. Customers need to rely on physical cues to make decision on service evaluation. When service is non-tangible in nature so its role of marketer to design and implement tangible evidence. Example can be Nike where a sports shoe is the product and store is the physical evidence (Helm and Gritsch 2014). The mainstream viewpoint of the concept of market orientation highlights the fact that customers need to be given the most importance in the market orientation. Out of the various marketing concepts, the mainstream view point highlights the fact that market orientation has customers at its core (Bahadir et al. 2015). However, the alternative view point highlights the fact that along with customers, the promotional mix has to be given importance as well. Since the number of customers being drawn towards a particular brand depends on the way the products are promoted, hence adequate importance needs to be given to the promotional mix as well (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). This is the alternative view that is being developed gradually and hence a shift in the focus from the customers to the marketing and promotions have been observed (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). The principle question being asked in the reviewed literature is whether adequate importance is being given to the concept of marketing orientation in the companies or not. This is an essential question since the market orientation concept has an immense role to play in enhancing a business (Morgan and Strong 2015). The business organizations need to consider the demands of the customers along with the analysis of the competitors, in order to establish themselves as leaders. It has been highlighted that the market orientation is dependent on the marketing plans (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). Hence, the marketing plan has to be developed in such a way that the market orientation could be aligned easily. The general conclusion that is drawn highlights the facts that market orientation has a key role to play, in assisting then business organizations gain leadership in the market. The market orientation is mainly focused on the customers and the fulfilment of the demands of the customers (Jaworski and Kohli 2017). With the growing competition among the business houses, it is essential to incorporate the market orientation concept in the business to maintain a leadership position among the contemporary organizations. The conclusion that has been drawn highlights the fact that market orientation is essential to understand the demand of the market as well as the customers. Once the demands are identified the business organizations are able to work towards the achievement of the goals. Market orientation is also essential for ensuring customer retention. The literature reviewed agrees to the fact that market ordination is an essential concept and needs to be incorporated by the business organizations. The core attention is given to the customers in the market orientation concept. Most of the literature highlights the facts that with adequate importance attached to the concept of market orientation, the productivity of the business organizations are enhanced and the process of customer retention is also ensured. Thus, the importance and significance of the market orientation concept is realized by all. However, the concept of marketing and market orientation is quite different and that has been highlighted by all the literatures (Chen et al. 2015). While reviewing the literature on the concept of market orientation, some gaps in the literature have been found. Not all the literature was recent. Moreover, most of the literatures included the overall concept of marketing, thus not giving adequate importance to the concepts of market orientation. The issues and disadvantages that are focused might not be relevant in the present day scenario. Finally, it might be concluded that the concept of market orientation is an essential marketing concept that focuses of fulfilling the customer demands. This is one of the concepts of marketing and needs to be diligently practiced by the business organizations. This assignment highlights the various concepts that are closely related to market orientation. These concepts include the customer orientation, inter-functional coordination, market orientation and marketing mix. Thus, incorporation of these concepts along with market orientation helps the business organizations to enhance their productivity. Various peer reviewed literature has been analysed and reviewed and the agreements among the literature has been mentioned in details. Finally, the gaps in the literature have been highlighted and the scope for further improvement has also been highlighted in this assignment. The identification of the gaps, call for further improvements in the review. Thus, the market orientation concept is an essential one and has to be given importance to utilize its advantages in the business organizations. References Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K. and Jayaram, J., 2016. human resource Management and Market Orientation Strategies in Family and Non-family Firms in Ghana: how Do they relate to Competitive Strategy and Firm performance?. InFamily Businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa(pp. 123-153). Palgrave Macmillan US. Bahadir, S.C., Bharadwaj, S.G. and Srivastava, R.K., 2015. Marketing mix and brand sales in global markets: Examining the contingent role of country-market characteristics.Journal of International Business Studies,46(5), pp.596-619. Baker, W.E. and Sinkula, J.M., 2015. Market Orientation and Organizational Performance: A New Product Paradox?. InCreating and Delivering Value in Marketing(pp. 254-254). Springer International Publishing. Bao, Y., Fong, E., Landry, T.D. and Zhou, K.Z., 2015. Strategic consensus of market orientation: a transitional economy perspective.Journal of Strategic Marketing,23(4), pp.364-378. Becker, N. and Brettel, M., 2017. Analyzing the Mediating Effect of Learning Orientation on the Relationship of Market Orientation and Company Performance in Times of Turbulence. InThe Customer is NOT Always Right? Marketing Orientationsin a Dynamic Business World(pp. 787-787). Springer, Cham. Boso, N., Story, V.M. and Cadogan, J.W., 2013. Entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, network ties, and performance: Study of entrepreneurial firms in a developing economy.Journal of Business Venturing,28(6), pp.708-727. Caruana, A., Ramaseshan, B. and Ewing, M.T., 2015. The Link Between Market Orientation and Performance in Universities: Some Empirical Evidence. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 263-263). Springer, Cham. Chen, Y., Tang, G., Jin, J., Li, J. and Paill, P., 2015. Linking market orientation and environmental performance: The influence of environmental strategy, employees environmental involvement, and environmental product quality.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), pp.479-500. Helm, R. and Gritsch, S., 2014. Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review,23(2), pp.418-428. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Jaworski, B.J. and Kohli, A.K., 2017. Conducting field-based, discovery-oriented research: lessons from our market orientation research experience.AMS Review, pp.1-9. Mintz, O. and Currim, I.S., 2013. What drives managerial use of marketing and financial metrics and does metric use affect performance of marketing-mix activities?.Journal of Marketing,77(2), pp.17-40. Morgan, R.E. and Strong, C.A., 2015. Competitive Strategy and Market Orientation: The Relationship and its Implications. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 232-232). Springer International Publishing. Paladino, A., Widing, R. and Whitwell, G., 2015. Internal and external organisational orientations: Comparing the resource based view and market orientation. InGlobal perspectives in marketing for the 21st century(pp. 338-338). Springer International Publishing. Pulendran, S., Speed, R. and Widing II, R., 2015. Marketing Planning, Market Orientation and Performance: An Empirical Study of Australian Organisations. InProceedings of the 1998 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 455-456). Springer International Publishing. Urde, M., Baumgarth, C. and Merrilees, B., 2013. Brand orientation and market orientationFrom alternatives to synergy.Journal of Business Research,66(1), pp.13-20.

O Captain! My Captain! free essay sample

Every great nation’s past contains a great leader who sacrificed everything for his or her country. Abraham Lincoln gave his life after striving to abolish slavery. Soon after Lincoln’s murder, Walt Whitman wrote an apostrophe poem to Lincoln. In this eulogy, Whitman praised Lincoln’s accomplishments and mourned his death. In â€Å"O Captain! My Captain! †, Walt Whitman uses repetition, symbolism, assonance, and metaphors to portray the theme that every great leader should stand ready to lay down his or her life. Whitman uses repetition to show uncertainty about Lincoln’s death and symbolism to relate his victory and his death. When â€Å"O Captain! my Captain! † (1, 9, 13) is repeated it shows Whitman’s growing uncertainty about Lincoln’s assassination. The first line has an encouraging tone; however, with each repetition the tone carries more desperation. Lines five and six use the same desperate tone to show that Whitman still wants Lincoln to be alive: â€Å"But O heart! heart! heart! / O the bleeding drops of red,† (5-6). We will write a custom essay sample on O Captain! My Captain! or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whitman shows his acceptance of the death at the end of each stanza with a calm tone: â€Å"Fallen cold and dead. / You’ve fallen cold and dead. / Fallen cold and dead† (8, 16, 24). The use of repetition provides different tones and gives emphasis to specific feelings. Starting in the first line and continuing throughout the poem, Whitman uses symbolism to relate Lincoln’s victory and death. In stanza two, Whitman states: â€Å"O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; / Rise up – for you the flag is flung – for you the bugle trills; / For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths – for you the shores a-crowding;† (9-11). Everything listed could have been used to congratulate Lincoln on his victory when he returned home. Nevertheless, those things could represent ways to mourn Lincoln’s death. Whitman utilizes assonance to provide structure, and he makes the entire poem an extended metaphor to represent Lincoln’s sacrifice for this country. Whitman uses assonance to make â€Å"O Captain! My Captain! † a more fluent and structured work of literature: for you the bugle trills; his lips are pale and still; From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; (10, 17, 20). Not only does assonance create flow and structure, but it also makes certain words or phrases attract more attention which makes the line more memorable. Whitman’s clever use of assonance adds another impressive dimension to his work. It separates â€Å"O Captain! My Captain! † from the mediocre poems and raises the bar. The poem is a eulogy to Abraham Lincoln even though his name is never mentioned. The entire poem is an extended metaphor: â€Å"O Captain! my captain! our fearful trip is done; / The ship has weather’d every rack, †¦ / Here Captain! dear father! † (1-2, 13). Whitman is comparing a ship to the Union. The captain and father is representative of Abraham Lincoln, and the trip is being referred to as the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves, but he gave his life for his valiance and effort. Walt Whitman used repetition, symbolism, assonance, and an extended metaphor to capture Lincoln’s sacrifice in a eulogistic poem. This poem is a testimony that if people do their absolute best, then they will have an impact on everyone around them. A person’s impact may cause his or her legacy to stick around to be remembered in the history books. Whitman creatively portrayed a pivotal moment in history to something as every day as a captain and his ship.

Ancient Flutes, Evidence of Prehistoric Music Making

Ancient Flutes, Evidence of Prehistoric Music Making Ancient flutes made of animal bone or carved from mammoth (extinct elephant) ivory are among the earliest examples of the use of ancient music- and one of the key recognized measures of behavioral modernity for modern human beings. The earliest forms of ancient flutes were made to be played like a modern recorder, that is held vertically. They were most often constructed from the hollow bones of animals, particularly bird wing bones. Bird bones are extremely well-suited for making flutes, as they are already hollow, thin and strong, so that they may be perforated without too much danger of fracturing. Later forms, carved from mammoth ivory, involve a greater grasp of the technology, including carving out the tubular form into two pieces and then fitting the pieces together with some adhesive, perhaps bitumen. Oldest Possible Ancient Flute The oldest possible bone flute discovered to date comes from a Middle Paleolithic site in Slovenia, the Divje Babe I site, a Neanderthal occupation site with Mousterian artifacts. The flute came from a stratigraphic level dated to 43,000 /- 700 RCYBP, and it was made on a juvenile cave bear femur. The Divje Babe I flute, if thats what it is, has two roughly circular holes punctured into it, and three more damaged potential holes. The layer has other gnawed cave bear bones, and some detailed scholarly research into the bones taphonomy- that is to say, the wear and markings on the bone- lead some scholars to conclude that this flute likely resulted from carnivore gnawing. Hohle Fels Flutes The Swabian Jura is an area in Germany where ivory figurines and debris from their production have been identified in numbers from the Upper Paleolithic levels. Three sites- Hohle Fels, Vogelherd, and Geißenklà ¶sterle- have produced flute fragments, all dated between about 30,000-40,000 years ago. In 2008, one nearly complete flute and two other flute fragments were discovered at the Hohle Fels Upper Paleolithic site, located in the Swabian Jura. The longest of these was made on the wing bone of a griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). Discovered in 12 pieces and reassembled, the bone measures 21.8 centimeters (8.6 inches) long and about 8 millimeters (~1/3 of an inch) in diameter. The Hohle Fels flute has five finger holes and the blowing end has been deeply notched. Two other fragmented flutes found at Hohle Fels are made of ivory. The longest fragment is 11.7 mm (.46 in) in length, and oval (4.2x1.7 mm, or .17x.07 in) in cross-section; the other is 21.1 mm (.83 in) and also oval (7.6 mm x 2.5 mm, or .3x.1 in) in cross-section. Other Flutes Two other sites from the Swabian Jura in Germany have produced ancient flutes. Two flutes- one bird bone and one made up of ivory fragments- have been recovered from the Aurignacian levels of the Vogelherd site. The Geißenklà ¶sterle site excavations have recovered three more flutes, one from a swans wing bone, one from a possible swan wing bone, and one from mammoth ivory. A total of 22 bone flutes have been identified at the Isturitz site in the French Pyrenees, most from later Upper Paleolithic proveniences, circa 20,000 years bp. The Jiahu site, a Neolithic Peiligang culture site in China dating between ca. 7000 and 6000 BC, contained several bone flutes. Sources Taphonomy of a suggested MChase PG, and Nowell A. 1998. Paleolithic bone flute from Slovenia.iddle Current Anthropology 39(4):549-553.Conard NJ, Malina M, and Munzel SC. 2009. New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature 460(7256):737-740.Fitch WT. 2006. The biology and evolution of music: A comparative perspective. Cognition 100(1):173-215.Higham T, Basell L, Jacobi R, Wood R, Ramsey CB, and Conard NJ. 2012. Testing models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geissenklosterle. Journal of Human Evolution(0).King S, and Snchez Santiago G. 2011. Soundscapes of the Everyday in Ancient Oaxaca, Mexico. Archaeologies 7(2):387-422.Morley I. 2006. Mousterian musicianship? the case of the Divje Babe I Bone. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 25(4): 317-333.Pettitt PB. 2008. Art and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition in Europe: Comments on the archaeological arguments for an ear ly Upper Paleolithic antiquity of the Grotte Chauvet art. Journal of Human Evolution 55(5):908-917. Yang X-Y, Kadereit A, Wagner GA, Wagner I, and Zhang J-Z. 2005. TL and IRSL dating of Jiahu relics and sediments: clue of 7th millennium BC civilization in central China. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(7):1045-1051.

Huge inequality between Poor and Rich in China Essay

Huge inequality between Poor and Rich in China - Essay Example According to Gini Index, released recently indicates the income inequality between rich and poor, in rural China is 0.3949, near to the warning level of 0.4 fixed by the United Nations. Advanced research conducted by Central China Normal University's Center for China Rural Studies illustrated that the cash proceeds of rural families raised 14.13 percent and the per capita cash revenue in rural areas increased 11.95 percent. Agriculturalists in China aren’t becoming rich by farming activities. The rise in income growth in the rural areas are because of the salaries earned by those people who have uninhibited rural life to labor as migratory laborers in metropolises and big cities, the study stated. It is observed that the rural families are becoming more reliant on salaries received by their household members who work in cities. The study shown that salaries paid to the migratory employees estimated for 65.7%of the entire proceeds of rural families. Over and above the study as well established that the whole revenue of the top 20% of the rural families was 10.19 times more that of the lowest 20%. As per the study report, the prosperity difference in west China was larger than in the east of the nation. The appraisal by Central China Normal University did not study the income disparity of the country all together, since its scope was restricted to the rural region. But, it is stated by Xinhua, the state-owned news agency that the income disparity in China all together is well above 0.4, because of the huge income disparity amongst city and rural regions. In the year 2000, Chinese government issued a Gini index for the country which showed as 0.412. However many intellectuals at present believe that the index has gone up to between 0.45 and 0.50, stated Xinhua. The significance of Gini index is that ‘0’ indicate flawless equality and‘1’ indicate perfect inequality. The Gini index in the United States in 2009 was 0.468, referring to the U.S. Census Bureau. This is very close to the Gini index of China (Yoshida). The developing Asian countries like China, India, accepted the recent globalization move with comparable per capita GDP and income levels. However, China gone ahead with more to its open economy to the international market, despite the fact that major numbers of its coastline cities have made wide-ranging investment atmosphere for private investment. The outcome has been an amazing vibrant economic progress. Even though India has followed a similar system, however was slow in terms of opening up the economy and unsuccessful in making good investment atmosphere. Some of developing Asian countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam has achieved remarkable success, however other nations such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and the Philippines has less progress because of lack of , investment opportunity and weaker links to the international market. The China’s continued progress resulted i n unparalleled poverty reduction. According to domestic studies, it is estimated that the poverty rate in China in 1981 was 64% of the populace. It has come down to 10% in 2004, showing that about 500 million people have overcome poverty throughout this period. This poverty decline has happened in phases. The change to the family obligation method boosted a large upsurge in agricultural yield, and scarcity was reduced to half over the small period from